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IDTechEx Explores Innovation in Carbon Capture Technology
Almost all large-scale carbon capture facilities currently in operation use solvent-based capture methods, where the CO -containing gas stream is exposed to a liquid medium that absorbs the CO by either a physical or chemical mechanism. The absorption liquid is then regenerated using high temperatures or reduced pressures to break the absorbent-CO bond, yielding a pure stream of CO that can be further processed. Although solvents can capture high levels of CO , regeneration can be extremely energy-intensive, particularly for chemical sorbents, making the CO capture process uneconomical and reducing the sustainability of the process.
Chemical absorption solvents are the most mature method of capturing CO , with most carbon capture facilities currently relying on them. Chemical absorption is based on a reaction between CO and the solvent, leading to weak chemical bonds being formed. Chemical absorption solvents are generally more selective for CO than physical absorption solvents and are effective even at low partial pressures of CO , enabling high levels of absorption.
Most chemical absorption solvents are based on amines, with amines having been used for CO removal in gas treatment industrially since the 1950s. Primary alkanolamines such as MEA and DGA are the most widely used solvents for carbon capture, offering high chemical reactivity, favorable kinetics, and acceptable stability. However, there are also several drawbacks, including high energy consumption during solvent regeneration, corrosiveness, meaning that inhibitors and resistant materials are required, difficulties in scaling up to the level of thousands of tonnes of CO2 capture per day, and degradation in the presence of O , SO , and other impurities such as particles, HCl, HF, and Hg.
Research is focusing on overcoming these issues, with companies developing proprietary amine-based solvents for next-generation carbon capture projects, such as the KS-1 Solvent developed by Mitsubishi, used in the Petra Nova facility in Texas , and Shell Global's CanSolv Solvent, which is used in the Boundary Dam CCS project in Canada . Options include sterically-hindered amines that form weaker bonds with CO during the reaction, facilitating solvent regeneration, non-amine solvents that can offer novel chemical trapping mechanisms, and blends of amines and/or non-amines that can optimize CO capture for a given situation.
Physical absorption solvents selectively capture CO when in contact with a gas stream without a chemical reaction occurring. Compared with chemical absorption, physical absorption solvent regeneration is relatively easy and doesn't require elevated temperatures, although physical absorption solvents are often less selective than chemical absorption solvents and can be ineffective at low CO partial pressures.
Unlike chemical absorption solvents, physical absorption solvents utilize a range of different compounds, with each solvent being suited to a specific use case. For example, the Rectisol process, licensed by Lurgi AG, an affiliated company of Air Liquide, uses chilled methanol as a solvent and can be applied for low and moderate CO concentrated gas streams. Due to the high vapor pressure of the solvent, the absorption stage must be carried out at very low temperatures to reduce solvent losses.
Research is now focusing on developing physical solvents with high thermal stability, improved selectivity, low vapor pressures, and low flammability and toxicity. Promising avenues include fluorinated solvents and ionic liquids, however, both face challenges with high viscosities and production costs.
Although liquid amine scrubbing technology (i.e., chemical solvent-based capture) will likely dominate carbon capture for the next few years, there is much interest in alternative methods for CO capture, although it remains predominantly at the academic research level. Promising options include solid sorbent-based CO capture and membrane-based CO separation, although there is a range of other emerging techniques, such as cryogenic separation, electrochemical membranes, and additive manufacturing of novel system components and materials.
Solid sorbents for CO capture include a range of porous, solid-phase materials including mesoporous silicas, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Solid sorbents could potentially offer several benefits over solvent-based capture methods. Unlike amine-based solvents, solid sorbents generally do not form chemical bonds with CO , reducing the energy needed for sorbent regeneration. Additionally, solid sorbents can offer greater CO selectivities and improved stability compared with solvent-based capture.
However, there are also several disadvantages. Manufacturing costs are likely to be much higher than for simple amines. There are also significant engineering challenges to overcome – many solid-based sorbents have only been tested at the lab scale under ideal conditions, meaning that much R&D is still needed before solid sorbents can become commonplace in commercial-scale carbon capture projects.
Svante is one of the few companies developing commercial-scale solid sorbent-based capture technology. The company's technology captures CO from flue gas, concentrates it, then releases it for storage or utilization, with the process taking only 60 seconds. The company uses nanoscale solid adsorbents with extremely large surface areas to maximize CO absorption, which it claims results in a greater absorption capacity than would be possible using solvents. Although the technology is still in its early stages, having been demonstrated in a 30 tonne/day pilot facility in
Saskatchewan, Canada , many in the industry are optimistic about its potential. Svante has raised over
$75 million in funding and is engaging in partnerships with several companies across the carbon capture space, including Chevron Technology Ventures, Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, Climeworks, and Opus-12.
Membranes are also a potentially promising option for carbon capture. Because they are passive, relying on diffusion of CO , don't use chemicals or moving parts, and don't require regeneration steps, membranes may result in significantly lower operating costs for CO capture compared with solvent or sorbent-based methods. The Polaris membrane, developed by Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. in collaboration with the US Department of Energy, is the first commercial membrane developed specifically for CO capture applications.
However, there are many challenges associated with membrane separation for CO capture and few companies are actively using it in large-scale facilities or pilots. These challenges include trade-offs between gas permeance and selectivity, and stability issues in the presence of acid gases.
Membranes are also prone to fouling, reducing efficacy with time. The low partial pressures of CO in most waste gas streams also present a challenge. Before membranes can be commercially successful in CO capture, innovation in process design and membrane materials is required.
Nevertheless, if a successful membrane technology could be developed, it would drastically reduce carbon capture costs and could significantly propel carbon capture deployment across the world.
Beyond solvents, solid sorbents, and passive membranes, companies and researchers around the world are working to develop novel methods of capturing CO that can overcome the limitations of the more established technologies. SES Innovation is developing what it calls "Cryogenic Carbon Capture", where gas streams are cooled to temperatures below -140°C, causing the CO to desublimate, forming a solid, which is then separated, gasified, and pressurized for utilization or storage. SES Innovation claims this method can achieve up to 99% CO capture at a much lower cost than the conventional method. FuellCell Energy is attempting to develop fuel cell technology specifically for carbon capture, using electrochemical membranes to separate CO from industrial waste gas streams. Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory are even investigating the use of additive manufacturing in carbon capture, developing creative heat exchangers and mass-exchanging contactors for efficient carbon capture.
Overall, innovation in carbon capture technology may be critical in ensuring the commercial viability of the technology, helping it overcome several of the barriers to widespread deployment. Although amine-based solvent capture methods are likely to remain the dominant choice over the next few years, a growing number of companies is innovating in the space of capture technology, developing a range of creative solutions for tackling the issue of CO emissions. "Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) 2021-2040", a new report from IDTechEx, provides a comprehensive evaluation of technology development within the field of carbon capture, identifying the key drivers and restraints to success in the industry.
For more information on this report, please visit www.IDTechEx.com/CCUS, or for the full portfolio of Green Technology research available from IDTechEx please visit www.IDTechEx.com/Research/GreenTech.
IDTechEx guides your strategic business decisions through its Research, Subscription and Consultancy products, helping you profit from emerging technologies. For more information, contact research@IDTechEx.com or visit www.IDTechEx.com.
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